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We can thus define four selection paths:

1. Sires to breed sires (SS)

   1. This is the most stringent selection path to breed new fathers of the fathers. Only elite sires make it to sire father.

   2. Sires to breed dams (SD)

      1. Within the sires this is a less stringent selection path. These sires will be the fathers of the breeding females (the dams).

      2. Dams to breed sires (DS)

         1. This is the most stringent selection path within the dams to breed new sires. Only the elite dams will make it to sire mother.

         2. Dams to breed dams (DD)

            1. This is the least stringent selection path. It depends on the studbook whether there are selection criteria for new dams.

Combining these selection paths into a formula:

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Thus:

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