In many species used by mankind, breeding programs have a simple structure: e.g. dogs, horses and meat producing sheep and goats. In such programs an intense selection of males takes place, because you only need a limited number of males to produce the next generation. Some selection In contrast, only mild selection is practiced in the females is practised, because you need a lot of them as dams to produce the next generation. Thus, but this selection is hardly effectivein females hardly effects genetic progress. In these species the breeding animals (especially the females) are in the hands of individual owners which who take their own decisions on selection and mating. As consequences in which female will be use for breeding and which not. As a consequence, breeding goals change too often and are not used steadily, recording of traits and pedigree is less complete, and selection and mating can hardly be influenced. This results in a low genetic improvement rate over generations.
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In the breeding of dogs, shows play an important role in the selection of males. A limited number of males with the best conformation score at shows is used for breeding, often without any control by the breed association. Nowadays, dog breeding is under discussion in the society due to the negative side effects of a strong selection for extreme conformation and the high relationship among animals in the population leading to inbreeding and the high frequency of genetic defects.
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