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In this chapter we are still collecting information (step 3), and we will look more into detail at the role of family relationships in genetic diversity. The chapter will be divided into two parts: first an introduction of the theory, and second a toolbox that can be used for evaluation of genetic diversity and for decision making related to selection and mating. Some of the applications of the tools will be subject of later chapters. To introduce the theory of genetic diversity we will take a top-down appraoch: first consider genetic diversity between populations, then move to within population, and finally look at genetic diversity within an individual. Then we will look at different mechanisms that influence genetic diversity, and discuss their role in animal breeding. We will look at inbreeding and its consequences. The toolbox in the second part of the chapter will include tools to determine the genetic relationship between animals based on their pedigree, to determine the inbreeding coefficient of an individual animal, and to consider (influences on) the level and rate of inbreeding at population level. In the following chapters you will see that these tools are relevant in many of the steps in the breeding program.
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