Sustainable production systems need developments for the long-term and equitable solutions that emphasize resource efficiency, profitability, productivity, product quality, environmental soundness, biodiversity, social viability and ethical aspects. Therefore long-term biologically, ecologically, and sociologically sound breeding goals is emphasizedare needed.
Improving milk yield in dairy cattle has a favourable favorable impact on greenhouse gas emissions as fewer cows and followers are required to meet the same production level at a farm. Improving the average lifespan of dairy cows with one year has a large favourable favorable impact on greenhouse gas emissions. The expected annual response in milk yield per cow increased when selection index weights were increased from current economic weights to environmental weights.
Defining breeding goals at different levels
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